Revisión de evidencia y práctica clínica sobre los tiempos de ayuno preoperatorio
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31790/inspilip.v9i30.814Palabras clave:
Ayuno, Dieta, Periodo preoperatorioResumen
Introducción: el ayuno preoperatorio es un periodo de tiempo en el que no se puede ingerir ningún tipo de alimento con el fin de minimizar riesgos perioperatorios. Objetivo: se plantea como objetivo recopilar evidencia sobre tiempos de ayuno para definir un tiempo óptimo sobre los mismos, además de conocer qué coadyuvantes pueden mejorar los resultados como estadía del paciente, sensación de hambre y sed o riesgo de broncoaspiración. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de artículos en inglés o español empleando palabras clave en bases de datos como PubMed, Web Of Science, Taylor & Francis, Scopus y ScienceDirect. Resultados: se identificaron 59 artículos de los que se seleccionaron 47 que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión asignados. Muchas guías de práctica clínica recomiendan ayunos menos prolongados que los tradicionales. Dentro del período perioperatorio el momento del mayor riesgo para broncoaspirar es la inducción anestésica siendo los principales factores de riesgo para la broncoaspiración el estómago lleno, dolor abdominal, diabetes, traumas relacionados con hipomotilidad y obstrucciones intestinales. Conclusiones: se recomienda un periodo de ayuno preoperatorio de 6 horas para sólidos tanto en adultos como en niños, 2 horas de líquidos para adultos y 1 hora para niños. En lactantes se aconseja administrar leche materna hasta 4 horas y leche de fórmula hasta 6 horas. Además, la administración de una bebida de carbohidratos 2 horas antes de la inducción anestésica.
Citas
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